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 ====== CS 352 ====== ====== CS 352 ======
 +
 +===== Project =====
 +  * [[project/start]]
  
 ===== HCI ===== ===== HCI =====
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     * Sketches, storyboards, mockups.     * Sketches, storyboards, mockups.
     * Why for each. Pros/cons.     * Why for each. Pros/cons.
 +
 +===== Human Stuff =====
 +
 +==== Cognitive Processes ====
 +
 +  * Attention
 +  * Perception and recognition
 +  * Memory
 +  * Learning
 +  * Reading, speaking, listening
 +  * Problem-solving, planning, reasoning, decision making
 +
 +==== Senses ====
 +
 +  * Sight, hearing, touch important for design of current interfaces.
 +  * Smell, taste?
 +  * Balance and propioception (where limbs etc. are physically)
 +
 +=== Key Sense Concepts ===
 +
 +  * Absolute threshold
 +    * Thresholds that determine what range you can sense.
 +    * Upper and lower thresholds.
 +  * Signal detection theory
 +    * Ability to tune in/out stimuli.
 +  * Just noticeable difference
 +    * How much change is required before you sense the difference?
 +  * Sensory adaptation
 +    * We react to change.
 +    * Absense of change leads us to loose sensitivity (psychological nystagmus).
 +
 +=== Vision ===
 +
 +  * Visual Angle
 +    * Total: 200 degrees.
 +    * High-res: ~15 degrees.
 +  * Rods
 +    * 120 million.
 +    * B&W
 +    * 1000x more sensitive than cones.
 +  * Cones
 +    * 6-7 million.
 +    * 64% red.
 +    * 32% green.
 +    * 2% blue.
 +  * Phenomena
 +    * Color perception:
 +      * 7-8% males cannot distinguish red from green.
 +      * 0.4% of women.
 +    * Peripheral vision is largely movement oriented.
 +    * Stereopsis:
 +      * (Stereopsis is ability to see in three dimensions.)
 +      * Monocular (size, interposition, perspective, paralax)
 +        * Ability to detect depth with one eye.
 +      * Binocular (retinal disparity, accommodation)
 +        * Ability to detect depth with two eyes.
 +
 +=== Hearing ===
 +
 +  * Capabilities
 +   * Frequency: 20-20,000 Hz
 +   * Loudness: 30 - 100 dB
 +   * Location: 5˚ source & stream separation
 +   * Timbre: Type of sound (lots of instruments)
 +  * Often take for granted how good it is.
 +
 +=== Motor System ===
 +
 +  * Our output system.
 +  * Capabilities
 +   * Range of movement, reach, speed, strength, dexterity, accuracy.
 +   * Workstation/device design.
 +  * Often cause of errors:
 +   * Wrong button.
 +   * Double-click vs. single.
 + * Principles
 +   * Feedback is important.
 +   * Minimize eye movement.
 +
 +==== The Model Human Processor ====
 +
 +  * Classic study from CS perspective of how brain works
 +    * Microprocessor-human analogue using results from experimental psychology.
 +    * Provides a view of the human that fits much experimental data.
 +    * But it is partial model.
 +  * Focus is on a single user interacting with some entity (computer, environment, tool).
 +
 +=== Memory ===
 +
 +  * Perceptual "buffers":
 +    * Brief impressions
 +  * Short-term (working) memory:
 +    * Conscious thought, calculations.
 +    * Different store for visual vs. auditory memory.
 +    * Order of seconds.
 +  * Long-term memory:
 +    * Minutes, hours, days, years, decades.
 +    * Long term, large storage space.
 +    * Access is harder, slower.
 +    * Retrieval depends upon network of associations.
 +    * Memory Structure
 +      * Episodic Memory
 +        * Events and experiences in serial form.
 +        * Helps us recall what occured.
 +      * Semantic memory
 +        * Structured record of facts, concepts, skills.
 +        * One theory says it's like a network.
 +        * Another uses frames & scripts.
 +
 +==== Decision Making Models ====
 +
 +Understanding cognition important because it helps you understand how to teach people.
 +
 +  * Production systems
 +    * If-then rules
 +    * Work like a computer program
 +  * Connectionism (big idea in AI)
 +    * Neural networks
 +    * Hidden Markov models
 +    * Bayesian networks
 +    * Modeled after a network of nodes
 +      * Nodes are factoids or rules.
 +      * Connections between.
 +      * Any time you follow a path that leads to success, strengthen the path.
 +      * Any time you make a mistake, weaken the path.
 +  * Mediated action
 +    * Actions must be interpreted in context
 +    * Tools, setting, culture affect
 +    * Objects "tell" us how to use it
 +    * The way things are shaped and presented affects how people interact with them
 +  * Case-based reasoning
 +    * Learn from experience, reasoning same as memory
 +    * Plans, schemes, and automation
 +    * Take closest matching experience and modify it to meet requirements
 +  * External/embodied cognition
 +    * Emphasizes reflexes and stuff
 +
 +===== Evaluation =====
 +
 +  * Evaluation is part of the design cycle.
 +
 +==== Why evaluate? ====
 +
 +  * If you make a mistake and don't catch it, it'll screw you later.
 +  * If we think of design as iterative process, we need to evaluate whether we're getting better.
 +  * Also, at each stage of design we make assumptions. We need to check whether those assumptions match reality.
 +
 +==== What is evaluation? ====
 +
 +  * Different from requirements gathering:
 +    * Testing a hypothesis.
 +    * Often use different methods, more focused.
 +  * Methods you choose depend on debates:
 +    * Quant. vs. quals.
 +    * Controlled vs. ecological validity
 +    * Cost vs. relevance.
 +
 +==== Steps Involved ====
 +
 +  * Formulate hypothesis.
 +    * Hypothesis = statement of fact.
 +    * Important to have hypothesis for data analysis.
 +  * Design a test plan.
 +    * Picking a method.
 +    * Selecting users.
 +    * Writing out procedure.
 +  * Get IRB permission.
 +  * Deal with users.
 +  * Deal with data.
 +
 +
 +==== Testing Methods ====
 +
 +  * Formative
 +  * Artificial/Controlled
 +    * Isolate variables, level playing field.
 +    * Removes "noise" from data.
 +    * Thoroughly documented.
 +    * Focus **only** on your question.
 +  * Issues:
 +    * Putting people in contrived environment causes changes in how people interact.
 +    * Results from controlled experiments can't be directly compared to real world.
 +
 +==== Hypothesis Testing ====
 +
 +  * Example hypotheses:
 +    * X is better/larger/faster than Y.
 +    * X improved more than Y.
 +
 +  - Specify null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (H1).
 +    - Define H1 = true iff H0 = false.
 +  - Select significance level. Typically P = 0.05 or P = 0.10
 +  - Sample population and calculate statistics.
 +  - Calculate probability (p-value) of obtaining a sta...
 +(SEE SLIDES)
 +
 +==== Dealing with Data ====
 +
 +  * Academic honesty key.
 +    * Falsifiability of results.
 +    * Need for meticulous records.
 +      * Keep records unmodified.
 +    * Objectivity.
 +    * Peer review.
 +    * Replication.
 +      * Not done in software design.
 +
 +==== Statistical Significance ====
 +
 +  * Statistical significance means: Two populations differ to a significant extent along some variable.
 +  * Statistical significance does NOT mean noteworthy.
 +  * Typically in either rate of occurance, or the value of some result.
 +    * E.g. group A 2x likely to do well on tests than group B (statistically significant), yet the difference in scores may not be large enough to be significant.
 +
 +==== Significance: Type I and II Errors ====
 +
 +  * What does significance mean?
 +    * Type I: False negative.
 +    * Type II: False positive.
 +  * Set significance to balance risks of type I or II errors:
 +    * When might low type I and high type II (vice versa) be preferable?
 +  * These types of errors may arise from equipment limits, etc.
 +
 +==== Predictive Models ====
 +
 +  * Models used to predict human behavior, responses.
 +  * Stimulus-Response
 +    * Hick's law:
 +      * Decision time to choose among N equally likely alternatives.
 +      * T = Ic log2(n+1)
 +        * Ic = time to recognize each item = 150msec
 +      * Useful for pilot tests.
 +    * Fitt's law.
 +      * Time it takes to select something on screen.
 +      * ID = log2(d/w + 1.0)
 +        * d = distance; w = width of target; ID = index of difficulty
 +  * Cognitive - human as interpreter/predictor - based on Model Human Processor:
 +    * Keystroke Level Model:
 +      * Puts together lots of mini-models, comes up with larger coherent model.
 +      * Assigns times for basic human operations - experimentally verified.
 +      * Based upon MHP.
 +      * Accounts for:
 +        * Keystroking: Tk
 +        * Mouse button press: Tb
 +        * Pointing: Tp
 +        * Hand movement between kbd/mouse: Th
 +        * Drawing straight line segments: Td
 +        * "Mental preparation": Tm
 +        * System response time: Tr
 +
 +==== Within-Subject or Between-Subject Design ====
 +
 +  * Between subjects: Pool using prototype 1, separate pool using prototype 2.
 +    * Clean statistics -- less noise.
 +  * Within-subjects: Same subject uses both prototypes.
 +    * Removes people variations.
 +
 +===== Heuristic Evaluation =====
 +
 +==== Discount Usability Engineering ====
 +
 +  * Cheap
 +    * No special labs/equipment.
 +    * More careful you are, the better it gets.
 +  * Fast
 +    * On order of 1 day to apply.
 +    * Standard usability testing may take a week.
 +  * Easy to use
 +    * Can be taught in 2-4 hours.
 +  * Reliance on discount UE can lead to sloppiness.
 +    * Easy to ignore more thorough evaluation methods.
 +    * Not all you need.
 +
 +==== HE Overview ====
 +
 +  * Developed by Jacob Nielsen.
 +    * Involves a set of guidelines -- heuristics.
 +    * Rules come from real-world experience.
 +  * Helps find usability problems in UI design.
 +  * Small set (3-5) of evaluators examine UI.
 +    * Independently check for compliance with usability principles (heuristics).
 +    * Different evaluators will find different problems.
 +    * Evaluators only communicate afterward; findings are then aggregated.
 +  * Can perform on working UI or sketches.
 +  * Most important ideas:
 +    * Independent analysis.
 +    * Performed on sketches or UI.
 +
 +==== Process ====
 +
 +  * Evaluators go through UI several times.
 +    * Inspect various dialogue elements.
 +    * Compare with list of principles.
 +    * Consider other principles/results that come to mind.
 +  * Usability principles:
 +    * Nielsen's "heuristics".
 +    * Supplementary list of category-specific heuristics.
 +      * May come from competitive analysis & user testing of existing products.
 +  * Fixes for violations may be suggested by heuristics.
 +
 +==== Nielsen's Original 10 Heuristics ====
 +
 +  * Simple & natural dialog
 +  * Speak user's language
 +  * Minimize user's memory load
 +  * Consistency
 +  * Feedback
 +  * Clearly marked exits
 +  * Shortcuts
 +  * Precise & constructive error messages
 +  * Prevent errors
 +  * Help and documentation
 +
 +==== Heuristics -- Revised Set ====
 +
 +=== Visibility of System Status ===
 +
 +  * Keep user informed about what is going on.
 +  * Example: Pay attention to response time.
 +    * 0.1 sec: No special indicator needed.
 +    * 1.0 sec: User tends to lose track of data.
 +    * 10 sec: Max. duration if user to stay focused on action.
 +    * For longer delays, use progress bars.
 +
 +=== Match between system and real world ===
 +
 +  * Speak user's language.
 +  * Follow real world conventions.
 +
 +=== Consistency & Standards ===
 +
 +=== Aesthetic and minimalist desgin ===
 +
 +  * No irrelevant info in dialogs.
 +
 +==== HE vs. User Testing ====
 +
 +  * HE much faster.
 +  * HE doesn't require interpreting user's actions.
 +  * User testing far more accurate.
 +    * Takes into account actual users and tasks.
 +    * HE may miss problems and find false positives.
 +  * Good to alternate between HE and user testing.
 +    * Find different problems.
 +    * Don't waste participants.
 +
 +==== HE Results ====
 +
 +  * Single evaluator achieves poor results.
 +    * Only finds 35% of usability problems.
 +  * 5 evaluators find ~75% of problems.
 +    * If they work as team, it's back down to 35%.
 +  * Why not more evaluators?
 +    * Adding evaluators costs more.
 +    * Many more evaluators won't find many more problems.
 +
 +===== Evaluation (2) & Wrap-Up =====
 +
 +==== Evaluation Pt. 2 ====
 +
 +=== Usability Testing: The Usability Lab ===
 +
 +  * A specially designed room for conducting controlled experiments observing a task.
 +  * Cameras, logging systems, people track what users do.
 +  * Good lab costs $$$.
 +
 +== Observation Room ==
 +
 +  * Three cameras capture subject, subject's monitor, and composite picture.
 +  * One-way mirror plus angled glass captures light and isolates sound between rooms.
 +  * Room for several observers.
 +  * Digital mixer for mixing of input images and recording to media.
 +
 +== Other Capture - Software ==
 +
 +  * Modify software to log user actions.
 +  * Can give time-stamped keypress/mouse events -- sync with video
 +  * Commercial software available ($$$)
 +  * Two problems:
 +    * Too low level, want higher level events
 +    * Massive amount of data; need analysis tools
 +
 +== Complimentary Methods ==
 +
 +  * Talkaloud protocols
 +  * Pre/post surveys
 +  * Participant screening/normalization
 +  * Compare results to existing benchmarks